George Keller (December 15, 1842 – July 7, 1935), was an American architect and engineer. He enjoyed a diverse and successful career, and was sought for his designs of bridges, houses, monuments, and various commercial and public buildings. Keller's most famous projects, however, are the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Memorial Arch in Hartford, Connecticut, and the James A. Garfield Memorial in Cleveland, Ohio.[1]
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He was born on December 15, 1842 in Cork in Ireland to Thomas Keller (1804-1880) and Susan Pratt (1805-1888). Keller emigrated with his family to New York City as a child. Irish immigrants were at the time considered inferior, and during his early years Keller endured a considerable measure of hardship and discrimination. Lacking connections and unable to obtain schooling in Europe like many of his professional peers, an ambitious nature and a school of hard knocks education gave Keller an adequate base of knowledge. As a young man, he accepted employment with an Irish architect in Washington, D.C., but returned to New York to join the firm of architect Peter B. Wight. This was the beginning of a lifelong friendship between the two. Keller’s association with Wight introduced him to the aesthetic philosophy of John Ruskin and to serious architectural study, which was cut short by the outbreak of the Civil War. Though Keller planned to join the Union Army, a dry inkwell prevented him from signing the enlistment papers. Choosing to see this as an ill omen, he gladly accepted an engineering position with the Brooklyn Navy Yard instead. Moving to Hartford at the war's end, he took a job designing monuments.[2] Around 1885 he married Mary Monteith Smith (1860-1946) and they had three children: Hilda Montieth Keller (1888-1978), Walter Smith Keller, Sr. (1898-1981), and George Monteith Keller I (1921-1993).[1]
The postwar building boom brought Keller to national prominence. Though he won design competitions for Civil War monuments in several cities, his Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Arch at the entrance to Bushnell Park in Hartford, Connecticut, boldly broke the conventional form that had become the accepted configuration. Monuments of this type typically consisted of a cylindrical column, or shaft, surmounted by an allegorical female figure, usually Victory, with four sculpted figures surrounding the base. In contrast, Keller's Hartford monument, an eclectic Romanesque construction dedicated in 1886, was “perhaps the first permanent triumphal arch in the United States.” One of the arch’s most striking elements is a bas-relief frieze featuring life-size figures carved by Bohemian-born sculptor Caspar Buberl.[3] The north side of the frieze was carved by English-born sculptor Samuel James Kitson.
Keller's involvement with the James A. Garfield Memorial in Cleveland began after he submitted an architectural design to the trustees of the Garfield National Memorial Committee. The committee, headed by ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes along with Jeptha H. Wade, president of Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery, had been formed for the purpose of securing a plan for a memorial to President James A. Garfield following his assassination in 1881. To this end during the autumn of 1883 the committee sponsored a design competition in which Keller took part. The competition promised a prize of $1,000 to the winning design, thus attracting not only American but also European entries. To judge the submissions, the committee obtained the assistance of Boston architect Henry van Brunt and English-born architect Calvert Vaux of New York City.[4] Both van Brunt and Vaux ultimately chose Keller's design, and he was awarded the commission on June 24, 1884. Excavation for the monument at Lake View Cemetery began on October 6, 1885; it was dedicated on Memorial Day, May 30, 1890.[5] Once again, Keller chose Caspar Buberl to execute figural friezes for his design. Keller died in Hartford, Connecticut on July 7, 1935.
| Monument | Location | City and State | Construction Begun | Cornerstone Laid | Dedicated | Sculptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soldiers National Monument | Gettysburg National Military Park |
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania | July 3, 1865 |
July 1, 1869 |
Randolph Rogers | |
| Soldiers Monument | Taunton, Massachusetts | 1874 | ||||
| Civil War Monument | Merrimack Common | Manchester, New Hampshire | May 30, 1878 |
September 11, 1879 |
Caspar Buberl
and others |
|
| U.S. Soldier Monument | Antietam National Battlefield Site | Sharpsburg, Maryland | September 17, 1880 |
James W. Pollette | ||
| Soldiers and Sailors Monument | Lafayette Square | Buffalo, New York | July 4, 1882 |
July 4, 1884 |
Caspar Buberl | |
| Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Arch | Bushnell Park (Ford Street entrance) |
Hartford, Connecticut | May 1884 |
November 7, 1886 |
Caspar Buberl
and others |
|
| James A. Garfield Memorial | Lake View Cemetery | Cleveland, Ohio | October 6, 1885 |
May 30, 1890 |
Caspar Buberl | |
| Soldiers and Sailors Monument | Oneida Square | Utica, New York | October 13, 1891 |
Karl Gerhardt | ||
| Major General John Sedgwick Memorial | Hautboy Hill Road | Cornwall, Connecticut | May 3, 1900 |
James J. Hawley | ||
| Base of Lafayette Statue | Lafayette Circle, Capitol Avenue |
Hartford, Connecticut | 1931? |